explain Conversion of a QString from utf16 to utf8 in Qt

In Qt, a `QString` is a class that represents a Unicode string. It provides a convenient and efficient way to work with strings in various encodings. If you have a `QString` in the UTF-16 encoding and you want to convert it to UTF-8 encoding, you can use the `QString::toUtf8()` function.
Here’s how the conversion process works:
1. QString in UTF-16 Format:
A `QString` object internally stores its data in UTF-16 format. UTF-16 uses 16 bits (2 bytes) to represent most common characters, but it can use pairs of 16-bit values (called surrogate pairs) to represent characters beyond the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).
2. Conversion to UTF-8:
When you call the `toUtf8()` function on a `QString` object, it converts the data from its UTF-16 internal representation to UTF-8. UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding that uses 1 to 4 bytes to represent characters. It’s widely used on the web and in many text-based file formats.

QString utf16String = /* ... */; // Your UTF-16 QString
QByteArray utf8Bytes = utf16String.toUtf8();

In the above code, the `toUtf8()` function returns a `QByteArray` containing the UTF-8 encoded bytes of the original `QString`.
3. Using the UTF-8 Data:
You can now work with the UTF-8 encoded data using the `QByteArray`. You can extract the actual UTF-8 data as a `const char*` pointer using the `QByteArray::constData()` function, or you can convert it back to a `QString` if needed.

const char* utf8Data = utf8Bytes.constData(); // Pointer to the UTF-8 data
QString utf8ToString = QString::fromUtf8(utf8Data); // Convert back to QString

The `QString::fromUtf8()` function converts UTF-8 encoded data to a `QString` object.
Remember that conversion between different character encodings can sometimes lead to loss of data if the target encoding cannot represent all the characters from the source encoding. However, since UTF-8 can represent a wide range of characters, the conversion from UTF-16 to UTF-8 is generally safe for most use cases.
When working with Qt, it’s also important to consider the encoding used by external libraries, APIs, or systems you interact with. If you’re dealing with platform-specific APIs or external data, you might need to handle encoding conversions appropriately to ensure data integrity.